Saurin samfuri

Na'ura mai saurin samfuri ta amfani da zaɓin Laser sintering (SLS)

3D samfurin yanka
Samfura da sauri rukuni ne na dabaru da ake amfani da su don ƙirƙira samfurin sikeli da sauri na ɓangaren jiki ko taro ta amfani da bayanan ƙirar taimakon kwamfuta mai girma uku (CAD).Gina sashin ko taro yawanci ana yin ta ta amfani da bugu na 3D ko fasahar “ƙarin masana’anta”.

Hanyoyi na farko don yin samfuri cikin sauri sun sami samuwa a tsakiyar 1980s kuma an yi amfani da su don samar da samfuri da sassan samfuri.A yau, ana amfani da su don aikace-aikace iri-iri kuma ana amfani da su don kera sassa masu inganci a cikin ƙananan lambobi idan an so ba tare da yanayin tattalin arziki na gajeren lokaci mara kyau ba.Wannan tattalin arzikin ya ƙarfafa ofisoshin sabis na kan layi.Binciken tarihi na fasahar RP ya fara da tattaunawa game da dabarun samar da simulacra da masu sassaƙa na ƙarni na 19 ke amfani da su.Wasu sculptors na zamani suna amfani da fasahar zuriyarsu wajen samar da nune-nune da abubuwa daban-daban.Ikon yin karin ƙira daga tsarin bayanai ya bada damar magance matsaloli na 'yancin hakki, kamar yadda ya kamata a ceta a hada bayanai daga hotuna mai girma daga hotuna daya.

Kamar yadda yake tare da hanyoyin ragewa na CNC, ƙirar-taimakon kwamfuta - sarrafa kayan aikin CAD-CAM mai sarrafa kwamfuta a cikin tsarin saurin samfuri na gargajiya yana farawa tare da ƙirƙirar bayanan geometric, ko dai azaman 3D mai ƙarfi ta amfani da wurin aikin CAD, ko yankan 2D ta amfani da na'urar dubawa.Don saurin samfur wannan bayanan dole ne su wakilci ingantacciyar ƙirar lissafi;wato, wanda saman iyakarsa ya haɗa da ƙarami mai iyaka, ba ya ƙunshi ramuka da ke fallasa ciki, kuma kada su ninka baya a kansu.A wasu kalmomi, abu dole ne ya kasance yana da "ciki".Samfurin yana aiki idan ga kowane maki a cikin sararin 3D kwamfutar za ta iya tantance ta musamman ko wannan batu yana ciki, a ciki, ko a wajen iyakar ƙirar.CAD post-processors za su kimanta aikace-aikacen dillalai na ciki CAD siffofin geometric (misali, B-splines) tare da sauƙaƙan nau'in lissafi, wanda bi da bi an bayyana shi a cikin ƙayyadadden tsarin bayanai wanda shine fasalin gama gari a masana'antar ƙari: Tsarin fayil STL, daidaitaccen ma'auni don canja wurin ƙirar ƙira mai ƙarfi zuwa injinan SFF.

Don samun mahimman hanyoyin sarrafa motsi don fitar da ainihin SFF, samfuri mai sauri, bugu na 3D ko ƙirar masana'anta, ƙirar ƙirar geometric da aka shirya galibi ana yanka ta cikin yadudduka, kuma ana leƙan yankan cikin layi (samar da "zanen 2D" da aka yi amfani da shi don samarwa). yanayi kamar yadda yake a cikin hanyar kayan aiki na CNC), yin kwaikwayon tsarin ginin jiki na Layer-to-Layer.

1. Yankunan aikace-aikace
Hakanan ana amfani da samfuri cikin sauri a cikin injiniyoyin software don gwada sabbin samfuran kasuwanci da gine-ginen aikace-aikace kamar Aerospace, Automotive, Sabis na kuɗi, haɓaka samfura, da Kiwon lafiya.Ƙirar sararin samaniya da ƙungiyoyin masana'antu sun dogara da samfuri don ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin AM a cikin masana'antar.Amfani da SLA za su iya yin nau'ikan ayyukansu da sauri cikin ƴan kwanaki kuma su fara gwaji cikin sauri.Samar da sauri yana ba masu ƙira / masu haɓaka damar samar da ingantaccen ra'ayi na yadda ƙãre samfurin zai kasance kafin sanya lokaci da kuɗi da yawa a cikin samfurin.Ana amfani da bugu na 3D don Samar da Samar da Sauri yana ba da damar bugu na 3D na Masana'antu ya faru.Tare da wannan, za ku iya samun manyan gyare-gyaren da za a fitar da kayan gyara da sauri cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.

2. Tarihi
A cikin 1970s, Joseph Henry Condon da sauransu a Bell Labs sun haɓaka Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Unix (UCDS), suna sarrafa aiki mai wahala da kuskure na canza zane da hannu don ƙirƙirar allunan da'ira don dalilai na bincike da haɓakawa.

A cikin shekarun 1980, masu tsara manufofin Amurka da manajojin masana'antu sun tilasta yin la'akari da cewa rinjayen da Amurka ke da shi a fannin kera na'ura ya kau, a cikin abin da ake kira rikicin na'ura.Ayyuka da yawa sun nemi yin tir da waɗannan abubuwan a cikin al'adar CNC CAM, wanda ya fara a Amurka.Daga baya lokacin da Rapid Prototyping Systems ya tashi daga dakunan gwaje-gwaje don yin kasuwanci, an gane cewa abubuwan da suka faru sun riga sun kasance na kasa da kasa kuma kamfanoni masu saurin samfur na Amurka ba za su sami alatu na barin gubar ta zube ba.Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta kasa laima ce ga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin Samaniya ta Kasa (NASA), Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Amurka NIST, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Bincike na Tsaro (DARPA), da Ofishin Binciken Naval ya haɗu da nazarin don sanar da masu tsara dabarun a cikin shawarwarin su.Ɗayan irin wannan rahoto shine 1997 Rapid Prototyping in Europe and Japan Panel Report wanda Joseph J. Beaman wanda ya kafa DTM Corporation ya ba da hangen nesa na tarihi:

Tushen fasahar ƙira da sauri za a iya gano su zuwa ayyuka a cikin hoto da hoto.A cikin TOPOGRAPHY Blanther (1892) ya ba da shawarar hanyar da za a yi laƙabi don yin gyare-gyare don taswirorin taswirar takarda mai ɗagawa.Tsarin ya haɗa da yanke layin kwane-kwane akan jerin faranti waɗanda aka jera su.Matsubara (1974) na Mitsubishi ya ba da shawarar wani tsari na yanayi tare da resin photopolymer mai ɗaukar hoto don samar da yadudduka na bakin ciki da aka jera don yin ƙirar simintin gyare-gyare.PHOTOSCULPTURE dabara ce ta ƙarni na 19 don ƙirƙirar ainihin kwafin abubuwa masu girma uku.Mafi shahararren Francois Willeme (1860) ya sanya kyamarori 24 a cikin madauwari mai da'ira kuma a lokaci guda ya dauki hoton wani abu.Sannan an yi amfani da silhouette na kowane hoto don sassaƙa kwafi.Morioka (1935, 1944) ya ɓullo da ƙaƙƙarfan zane-zanen hoto da tsarin hoto ta amfani da tsararren haske don ƙirƙirar layin kwane-kwane na abu ta hoto.Daga nan za a iya haɓaka layukan zuwa zanen gado kuma a yanke su a jeri, ko kuma a hange su a kan kayan haja don sassaƙa.Tsarin Munz (1956) ya sake haifar da hoto mai girma uku na abu ta hanyar zaɓen fallasa, Layer by Layer, hoto emulsion akan fistan mai ragewa.Bayan gyare-gyare, ƙwaƙƙwarar silinda mai haske ya ƙunshi hoton abu.

- Joseph J. Beaman
"Tsarin Samfuran Saurin Samfura - RP ya samo asali ne daga masana'antar CAD da ke haɓakawa, musamman, ingantaccen gefen ƙirar CAD.Kafin a gabatar da ingantaccen samfuri a ƙarshen 1980, an ƙirƙiri samfura masu girma uku tare da firam ɗin waya da saman.Amma ba har sai haɓaka ingantaccen ƙirar ƙira na gaskiya zai iya haɓaka sabbin matakai kamar RP.Charles Hull, wanda ya taimaka gano 3D Systems a 1986, ya haɓaka tsarin RP na farko.Wannan tsari, wanda ake kira stereolithography, yana gina abubuwa ta hanyar warkar da siraran siraran jeri na wasu resins masu haske na ultraviolet tare da laser mai ƙarancin ƙarfi.Tare da gabatarwar RP, CAD m samfura na iya zuwa rayuwa ba zato ba tsammani. "

Fasahar da ake kira Solid Freeform Fabrication sune abin da muka gane a yau azaman samfuri mai sauri, bugu na 3D ko masana'anta: Swainson (1977), Schwerzel (1984) yayi aiki akan polymerization na polymer mai ɗaukar hoto a tsakar igiyoyin Laser sarrafa kwamfuta guda biyu.Ciraud (1972) yayi la'akari da magnetostatic ko electrostatic jijiya tare da igiyar lantarki, Laser ko plasma don ƙwanƙwasa ƙasa.An gabatar da waɗannan duka amma ba a sani ba ko an gina injunan aiki.Hideo Kodama na Cibiyar Nazarin Masana'antu ta Municipal Nagoya shine farkon wanda ya fara buga wani asusun wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙirar ƙirƙira ta amfani da na'ura mai sauri samfurin photopolymer (1981).Tsarin samfurin saurin 3D na farko wanda ya dogara da Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) an yi shi ne a cikin Afrilu 1992 ta Stratasys amma alamar ba ta fito ba har sai Yuni 9, 1992. Sanders Prototype, Inc ya gabatar da na'urar buga tawada ta 3D ta farko (3DP) ta amfani da na'ura ƙirƙira daga Agusta 4,1992 (Helinski), Modelmaker 6Pro a cikin marigayi 1993 sa'an nan kuma ya fi girma masana'antu 3D printer, Modelmaker 2, a 1997. Z-Corp ta amfani da MIT 3DP foda dauri for Direct Shell Casting (DSP) ƙirƙira 1993 aka gabatar zuwa kasuwa a 1995. Ko da a farkon lokacin ana ganin fasahar tana da matsayi a aikin masana'antu.Ƙananan ƙuduri, ƙarancin ƙarfin fitarwa yana da ƙima a cikin tabbatar da ƙira, ƙirar ƙira, jig ɗin samarwa da sauran wurare.Abubuwan da aka fitar sun ci gaba akai-akai zuwa mafi ƙayyadaddun amfani.Sanders Prototype, Inc. (Solidscape) ya fara ne azaman mai ƙera kayan bugu na 3D mai sauri tare da Modelmaker 6Pro don yin hadaya Thermoplas tic alamu na CAD model yana amfani da Drop-On-Demand (DOD) fasahar inkjet guda bututun ƙarfe.

Ana neman sabbin abubuwa akai-akai, don inganta saurin gudu da kuma iya jurewa aikace-aikacen samar da yawa.Babban ci gaba mai ban mamaki wanda RP ke rabawa tare da wuraren CNC masu alaƙa shine buɗe tushen kayan aiki na babban matakin aikace-aikace wanda ya ƙunshi duka kayan aikin CAD-CAM.Wannan ya haifar da ƙananan masana'antun na'urorin res.Masu sha'awar sha'awa sun ma yi ƙwazo a cikin ƙirar na'urar da ke da tasirin Laser

Jerin farkon Tsarin Tsarin RP ko Fasahar Fabrication da aka buga a 1993 Marshall Burns ne ya rubuta kuma yayi bayanin kowane tsari sosai.Hakanan yana ba da sunayen wasu fasahohin da suka kasance magabatan sunayen da ke cikin jerin sunayen da ke ƙasa.Misali: Kayayyakin Tasirin Kayayyakin Kaya kawai ya samar da firinta na samfur don saka kakin zuma sannan kuma ya ba da lasisin lamba ga Sanders Prototype, Inc maimakon.BPM yayi amfani da tawada da kayan iri ɗaya.